At the beginning of the 20th century it was already clear that the dream of a "national opera" had come to naught, but people explored other ways of developing a musical theatre in Spanish. The closure of the Teatro Real in 1925 paved the way for alternative programming to appear in other venues. At the same time the avant-garde found fertile ground for experimenting in genres such as mime and chamber opera. Librettists such as Tomás Borrás, the married couple Lejárraga-Martínez Sierra and Ramón Gómez de la Serna, with musicians such as Conrado del Campo, Joaquín Turina and Salvador Bacarisse, created innovative formats for musical drama.